Research done in the Universities of Granada (Spain), Freiburg (Germany) and University College London (UK) has demonstrated that when we have a low opinion of somebody, we are more likely to reject their money, even though the offer is attractive, because the social information we have on that person influences our decision. Furthermore, people are prepared to even lose money rather than accept it from those they do not hold in high consideration.
The article has been published in the journal Frontiers in Decision Neuroscience, based on a study in which the researchers worked with two groups of 36 individuals, made up of 18-27 year-old University of Granada students.
To carry out the work, the authors used an economics-based game called «The Ultimatum Game», in which participants receive offers on divisions of sums of money from a partner. These offers may be fair (for example, splitting 10 euros into 5 each) or unfair (splitting 10 euros into 9 for me and 1 for you). According to the researchers, the rational decision would be to accept all offers, «since, although 1 euro out of 10 is unfair, it is still money», in the words of Maria Ruz from the Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC) of the UGR.
Negative emotional response to injustice
The researchers found – replicating previous studies – that most participants tended to reject offers of an unfair nature, a reaction that seems to be affected by a negative emotional response to injustice. Maria Ruz believes that this study shows that «the opinion we have on moral aspects of the people we interact with also affects whether we accept or reject the financial offers they make». Thus, if we have a high opinion of the other person, we accept their money more often than if not. The author also highlights that, «on the other hand, if we have low opinion of someone, we are more likely to reject their money. Both things occur as much in fair offers as in unfair ones».
In addition, during the study, «the people were playing with real money (the more offers they accepted, the more money they were paid)». The results, therefore, are counter-intuitive, «but that is what we found: we are prepared to lose money rather than accept it from those we have a low opinion of», the authors conclude.
More information:
Social Information and Economic Decision-Making in The Ultimatum Game Celia Gaertig, Anna Moser, Sonia Alguacil and María Ruz Front. Neurosci., 06 July 2012. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00103
Provided by University of Granada
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According to a study, when we have a low opinion of someone, we tend to reject their money
Research done in the Universities of Granada (Spain), Freiburg (Germany) and University College London (UK) has demonstrated that when we have a low opinion of somebody, we are more likely to reject their money, even though the offer is attractive, because the social information we have on that person influences our decision. Furthermore, people are prepared to even lose money rather than accept it from those they do not hold in high consideration.
The article has been published in the journal Frontiers in Decision Neuroscience, based on a study in which the researchers worked with two groups of 36 individuals, made up of 18-27 year-old University of Granada students.
To carry out the work, the authors used an economics-based game called «The Ultimatum Game», in which participants receive offers on divisions of sums of money from a partner. These offers may be fair (for example, splitting 10 euros into 5 each) or unfair (splitting 10 euros into 9 for me and 1 for you). According to the researchers, the rational decision would be to accept all offers, «since, although 1 euro out of 10 is unfair, it is still money», in the words of Maria Ruz from the Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Centre (CIMCYC) of the UGR.
Negative emotional response to injustice
The researchers found – replicating previous studies – that most participants tended to reject offers of an unfair nature, a reaction that seems to be affected by a negative emotional response to injustice. Maria Ruz believes that this study shows that «the opinion we have on moral aspects of the people we interact with also affects whether we accept or reject the financial offers they make». Thus, if we have a high opinion of the other person, we accept their money more often than if not. The author also highlights that, «on the other hand, if we have low opinion of someone, we are more likely to reject their money. Both things occur as much in fair offers as in unfair ones».
In addition, during the study, «the people were playing with real money (the more offers they accepted, the more money they were paid)». The results, therefore, are counter-intuitive, «but that is what we found: we are prepared to lose money rather than accept it from those we have a low opinion of», the authors conclude.
More information:
Social Information and Economic Decision-Making in The Ultimatum Game Celia Gaertig, Anna Moser, Sonia Alguacil and María Ruz Front. Neurosci., 06 July 2012. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00103
Provided by University of Granada
Descargar
New Material Using Doped Carbon Allows Fuels to Be Produced While Reducing CO2 Emissions
After more than 10 years’ work, scientists at the University of Granada have a developed a carbon gel that enables carbon dioxide to be turned into hydrocarbons by electro-catalytic transformation.
Researchers from the University of Granada (UGR) have developed a new material using doped carbon that allows low-cost energy to be produced and also reduces the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere. The recently-patented material is a gel that enables the CO2 to be turned back into hydrocarbons via electro-catalytic transformation, with great savings both in time and money.
At present, power stations run using renewable energies (wind, solar or wave) produce energy peaks that are wasted, since they do not coincide with the energy needs. Storing this energy in batteries for its later use would be a very costly process that requires huge amounts of very expensive pure metals, such as nickel or copper, which is why this process is currently hardly ever used.
The doped carbon gel developed by the UGR acts as a highly-dispersed (it is made up of 90% carbon and a small quantity of heavy metals) and effective electro-catalyst, which means it enables CO2 to be turned into hydrocarbons at a low cost. This new material, developed entirely at the UGR, following more than 10 years of research into carbon gels, has recently been patented by the Institution’s Office for the Transfer of Research Results (OTRI).
As the project’s principal researcher, Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, explains, the doped carbon gel «is not a magical solution to prevent CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and stop the contamination caused by the greenhouse effect, but it does enable them to be reduced considerably, as well as reducing energy costs.» At the moment, this system is in its laboratory phase and has still not been applied in actual power stations, though the tests carried out at the UGR have led to some «highly promising» results.
The research team currently working in this line of investigation is formed by the UGR lecturers Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, Carlos Moreno Castilla, Francisco Carrasco Marin, Francisco J. Maldonado Hodar and Sergio Morales Torres, along with Maria Perez Cadenas from the UNED. Initially, there was also another collaborator, Freek Kapteijn, from the TUDelft (Netherlands).
New Material Using Doped Carbon Allows Fuels to Be Produced While Reducing CO2 Emissions
After more than 10 years’ work, scientists at the University of Granada have a developed a carbon gel that enables carbon dioxide to be turned into hydrocarbons by electro-catalytic transformation.
Researchers from the University of Granada (UGR) have developed a new material using doped carbon that allows low-cost energy to be produced and also reduces the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere. The recently-patented material is a gel that enables the CO2 to be turned back into hydrocarbons via electro-catalytic transformation, with great savings both in time and money.
At present, power stations run using renewable energies (wind, solar or wave) produce energy peaks that are wasted, since they do not coincide with the energy needs. Storing this energy in batteries for its later use would be a very costly process that requires huge amounts of very expensive pure metals, such as nickel or copper, which is why this process is currently hardly ever used.
The doped carbon gel developed by the UGR acts as a highly-dispersed (it is made up of 90% carbon and a small quantity of heavy metals) and effective electro-catalyst, which means it enables CO2 to be turned into hydrocarbons at a low cost. This new material, developed entirely at the UGR, following more than 10 years of research into carbon gels, has recently been patented by the Institution’s Office for the Transfer of Research Results (OTRI).
As the project’s principal researcher, Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, explains, the doped carbon gel «is not a magical solution to prevent CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and stop the contamination caused by the greenhouse effect, but it does enable them to be reduced considerably, as well as reducing energy costs.» At the moment, this system is in its laboratory phase and has still not been applied in actual power stations, though the tests carried out at the UGR have led to some «highly promising» results.
The research team currently working in this line of investigation is formed by the UGR lecturers Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, Carlos Moreno Castilla, Francisco Carrasco Marin, Francisco J. Maldonado Hodar and Sergio Morales Torres, along with Maria Perez Cadenas from the UNED. Initially, there was also another collaborator, Freek Kapteijn, from the TUDelft (Netherlands).
New Material Using Doped Carbon Allows Fuels to Be Produced While Reducing CO2 Emissions
After more than 10 years’ work, scientists at the University of Granada have a developed a carbon gel that enables carbon dioxide to be turned into hydrocarbons by electro-catalytic transformation.
Researchers from the University of Granada (UGR) have developed a new material using doped carbon that allows low-cost energy to be produced and also reduces the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere. The recently-patented material is a gel that enables the CO2 to be turned back into hydrocarbons via electro-catalytic transformation, with great savings both in time and money.
At present, power stations run using renewable energies (wind, solar or wave) produce energy peaks that are wasted, since they do not coincide with the energy needs. Storing this energy in batteries for its later use would be a very costly process that requires huge amounts of very expensive pure metals, such as nickel or copper, which is why this process is currently hardly ever used.
The doped carbon gel developed by the UGR acts as a highly-dispersed (it is made up of 90% carbon and a small quantity of heavy metals) and effective electro-catalyst, which means it enables CO2 to be turned into hydrocarbons at a low cost. This new material, developed entirely at the UGR, following more than 10 years of research into carbon gels, has recently been patented by the Institution’s Office for the Transfer of Research Results (OTRI).
As the project’s principal researcher, Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, explains, the doped carbon gel «is not a magical solution to prevent CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and stop the contamination caused by the greenhouse effect, but it does enable them to be reduced considerably, as well as reducing energy costs.» At the moment, this system is in its laboratory phase and has still not been applied in actual power stations, though the tests carried out at the UGR have led to some «highly promising» results.
The research team currently working in this line of investigation is formed by the UGR lecturers Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, Carlos Moreno Castilla, Francisco Carrasco Marin, Francisco J. Maldonado Hodar and Sergio Morales Torres, along with Maria Perez Cadenas from the UNED. Initially, there was also another collaborator, Freek Kapteijn, from the TUDelft (Netherlands).
A New Hypothesis Has Been Formulated On Why Bacteria Are Becoming Increasingly More Resistant To Antibiotics
-In a revolutionary article published in the journal «Archives of Microbiology», a researcher from the University of Granada (Spain) provides an answer to an enigma that scientists have still not been able to solve
-According to his theory, bacteria that are non-resistant to antibiotics acquire said resistance accidentally because they take up the DNA of others that are resistant, due to the stress to which they are subjected
A University of Granada researcher has formulated a new hypothesis concerning an enigma that the scientific community has still not been able to solve and which could revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry: Why are bacteria becoming increasingly more resistant to antibiotics? His work has revealed that the use of antibiotics can even cause non-resistant bacteria to become resistant because they take up the DNA of others that are already resistant.
Mohammed Bakkali, a scientist in the Genetics Department at the Faculty of Science of the UGR, maintains that our abuse of antibiotics «forces» the bacteria to take up the DNA of other bacteria that are resistant to said antibiotics, since the presence of antibiotics exposes them to a great stress. According to the researcher, «In this way, the non-resistant bacteria become resistant completely by accident on ingesting this DNA and can even become much more virulent, partly due to the stress we subject them to when we make an abusive use of antibiotics».
For decades, scientists from all over the world have been researching into when, how and why bacteria take up DNA from other antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thus becoming also resistant. The answers as to when there is DNA uptake (in unfavorable or stressful circumstances) and as to how the bacteria take it up are clear, but, up until now, «nobody has pinpointed the reason why bacteria ingest this genetic material»,as Bakkali points out in an article published in the latest edition of the journal «Archives of Microbiology».
Under normal conditions,a bacterium could have a lot to lose if it ‘decides’ to take up DNA, since it does not have a ‘DNA reader’ enabling it to take up only those molecules that are of use to it and the most likely is that this DNA will be dangerous, or even lethal.
They do not want that DNA, because they break it up
In his article, Mohammed Bakkali argues that, in reality, bacteria do not look for DNA to takeup (they appear not to ‘want’ this DNA, since they are constantly degrading it; in other words, breaking it up) and that this uptake isa chance event and the sub-product of a type of bacterial motility that is part of its response to the stress that the bacteria may be subjected to.
Therefore,our current indiscriminate use of antibiotics «not only selects the resistant bacteria, but also means that the bacteria take up more DNA, due to their increased motility in response to the stress that the antibiotic subjects them to». The result is that the stress caused by the antibiotic itself induces the uptake of genetic material that can bring about resistance to the antibiotic by bacteria that, otherwise, would not have taken up that DNA nor become resistant to the antibiotic. Furthermore, this effect is strengthened by its lack of specificity, since it occurs both in the target pathogen and in other bacteria.
The UGR researcher states that, when a bacterium takes up DNA from another antibiotic-resistantone (and which could have died due to another environmental factor), the bacterium that takes it up becomes resistant to that antibiotic.»Thus, the bacteria can go on adding to their arsenal of resistance to antibiotics and end up being resistant to a wide range of them, such as is the case of the multi-resistant strain of astaphylococcus, called Staphylococcus aurius, which creates havoc in many operating theaters.
A New Hypothesis Has Been Formulated On Why Bacteria Are Becoming Increasingly More Resistant To Antibiotics
-In a revolutionary article published in the journal «Archives of Microbiology», a researcher from the University of Granada (Spain) provides an answer to an enigma that scientists have still not been able to solve
-According to his theory, bacteria that are non-resistant to antibiotics acquire said resistance accidentally because they take up the DNA of others that are resistant, due to the stress to which they are subjected
A University of Granada researcher has formulated a new hypothesis concerning an enigma that the scientific community has still not been able to solve and which could revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry: Why are bacteria becoming increasingly more resistant to antibiotics? His work has revealed that the use of antibiotics can even cause non-resistant bacteria to become resistant because they take up the DNA of others that are already resistant.
Mohammed Bakkali, a scientist in the Genetics Department at the Faculty of Science of the UGR, maintains that our abuse of antibiotics «forces» the bacteria to take up the DNA of other bacteria that are resistant to said antibiotics, since the presence of antibiotics exposes them to a great stress. According to the researcher, «In this way, the non-resistant bacteria become resistant completely by accident on ingesting this DNA and can even become much more virulent, partly due to the stress we subject them to when we make an abusive use of antibiotics».
For decades, scientists from all over the world have been researching into when, how and why bacteria take up DNA from other antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thus becoming also resistant. The answers as to when there is DNA uptake (in unfavorable or stressful circumstances) and as to how the bacteria take it up are clear, but, up until now, «nobody has pinpointed the reason why bacteria ingest this genetic material»,as Bakkali points out in an article published in the latest edition of the journal «Archives of Microbiology».
Under normal conditions,a bacterium could have a lot to lose if it ‘decides’ to take up DNA, since it does not have a ‘DNA reader’ enabling it to take up only those molecules that are of use to it and the most likely is that this DNA will be dangerous, or even lethal.
They do not want that DNA, because they break it up
In his article, Mohammed Bakkali argues that, in reality, bacteria do not look for DNA to takeup (they appear not to ‘want’ this DNA, since they are constantly degrading it; in other words, breaking it up) and that this uptake isa chance event and the sub-product of a type of bacterial motility that is part of its response to the stress that the bacteria may be subjected to.
Therefore,our current indiscriminate use of antibiotics «not only selects the resistant bacteria, but also means that the bacteria take up more DNA, due to their increased motility in response to the stress that the antibiotic subjects them to». The result is that the stress caused by the antibiotic itself induces the uptake of genetic material that can bring about resistance to the antibiotic by bacteria that, otherwise, would not have taken up that DNA nor become resistant to the antibiotic. Furthermore, this effect is strengthened by its lack of specificity, since it occurs both in the target pathogen and in other bacteria.
The UGR researcher states that, when a bacterium takes up DNA from another antibiotic-resistantone (and which could have died due to another environmental factor), the bacterium that takes it up becomes resistant to that antibiotic.»Thus, the bacteria can go on adding to their arsenal of resistance to antibiotics and end up being resistant to a wide range of them, such as is the case of the multi-resistant strain of astaphylococcus, called Staphylococcus aurius, which creates havoc in many operating theaters.
A New Hypothesis Has Been Formulated On Why Bacteria Are Becoming Increasingly More Resistant To Antibiotics
-In a revolutionary article published in the journal «Archives of Microbiology», a researcher from the University of Granada (Spain) provides an answer to an enigma that scientists have still not been able to solve
-According to his theory, bacteria that are non-resistant to antibiotics acquire said resistance accidentally because they take up the DNA of others that are resistant, due to the stress to which they are subjected
A University of Granada researcher has formulated a new hypothesis concerning an enigma that the scientific community has still not been able to solve and which could revolutionize the pharmaceutical industry: Why are bacteria becoming increasingly more resistant to antibiotics? His work has revealed that the use of antibiotics can even cause non-resistant bacteria to become resistant because they take up the DNA of others that are already resistant.
Mohammed Bakkali, a scientist in the Genetics Department at the Faculty of Science of the UGR, maintains that our abuse of antibiotics «forces» the bacteria to take up the DNA of other bacteria that are resistant to said antibiotics, since the presence of antibiotics exposes them to a great stress. According to the researcher, «In this way, the non-resistant bacteria become resistant completely by accident on ingesting this DNA and can even become much more virulent, partly due to the stress we subject them to when we make an abusive use of antibiotics».
For decades, scientists from all over the world have been researching into when, how and why bacteria take up DNA from other antibiotic-resistant bacteria, thus becoming also resistant. The answers as to when there is DNA uptake (in unfavorable or stressful circumstances) and as to how the bacteria take it up are clear, but, up until now, «nobody has pinpointed the reason why bacteria ingest this genetic material»,as Bakkali points out in an article published in the latest edition of the journal «Archives of Microbiology».
Under normal conditions,a bacterium could have a lot to lose if it ‘decides’ to take up DNA, since it does not have a ‘DNA reader’ enabling it to take up only those molecules that are of use to it and the most likely is that this DNA will be dangerous, or even lethal.
They do not want that DNA, because they break it up
In his article, Mohammed Bakkali argues that, in reality, bacteria do not look for DNA to takeup (they appear not to ‘want’ this DNA, since they are constantly degrading it; in other words, breaking it up) and that this uptake isa chance event and the sub-product of a type of bacterial motility that is part of its response to the stress that the bacteria may be subjected to.
Therefore,our current indiscriminate use of antibiotics «not only selects the resistant bacteria, but also means that the bacteria take up more DNA, due to their increased motility in response to the stress that the antibiotic subjects them to». The result is that the stress caused by the antibiotic itself induces the uptake of genetic material that can bring about resistance to the antibiotic by bacteria that, otherwise, would not have taken up that DNA nor become resistant to the antibiotic. Furthermore, this effect is strengthened by its lack of specificity, since it occurs both in the target pathogen and in other bacteria.
The UGR researcher states that, when a bacterium takes up DNA from another antibiotic-resistantone (and which could have died due to another environmental factor), the bacterium that takes it up becomes resistant to that antibiotic.»Thus, the bacteria can go on adding to their arsenal of resistance to antibiotics and end up being resistant to a wide range of them, such as is the case of the multi-resistant strain of astaphylococcus, called Staphylococcus aurius, which creates havoc in many operating theaters.
A New Material Has Been Patented, Using Doped Carbon, Allowing Fuels To Be Produced While, At The Same Time, Reducing CO2 Emissions
After more than 10 years’ work, scientists at the University of Granada have a developed a carbon gel that enables CO2 to be turned into hydrocarbons by electro-catalytic transformation.
Researchers from the University of Granada (UGR) have developed a new material using doped carbon that allows low-cost energy to be produced and also reduces the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere. The recently-patented material is a gel that enables the CO2 to be turned back into hydrocarbons via electro-catalytic transformation, with great savings both in time and money
At present, power stations run using renewable energies (wind, solar or wave) produce energy peaks that are wasted, since they do not coincide with the energy needs. Storing this energy in batteries for its later use would be a very costly process that requires huge amounts of very expensive pure metals, such as nickel or copper, which is why this process is currently hardly ever used.
The doped carbon gel developed by the UGR acts as a highly-dispersed (it is made up of 90% carbon and a small quantity of heavy metals) and effective electro-catalyst, which means it enables CO2 to be turned into hydrocarbons at a low cost. This new material, developed entirely at the UGR, following more than 10 years of research into carbon gels, has recently been patented by the Institution’s Office for the Transfer of Research Results (OTRI).
As the project’s principal researcher, Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, explains, the doped carbon gel «is not a magical solution to prevent CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and stop the contamination caused by the greenhouse effect, but it does enable them to be reduced considerably, as well as reducing energy costs». At the moment, this system is in its laboratory phase and has still not been applied in actual power stations, though the tests carried out at the UGR have led to some «highly promising» results.
The research team currently working in this line of investigation is formed by the UGR lecturers Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, Carlos Moreno Castilla, Francisco Carrasco Marin, Francisco J. Maldonado Hodar and Sergio Morales Torres, along with Maria Perez Cadenas from the UNED. Initially, there was also another collaborator, Freek Kapteijn, from the TUDelft (Netherlands).
A New Material Has Been Patented, Using Doped Carbon, Allowing Fuels To Be Produced While, At The Same Time, Reducing CO2 Emissions
After more than 10 years’ work, scientists at the University of Granada have a developed a carbon gel that enables CO2 to be turned into hydrocarbons by electro-catalytic transformation.
Researchers from the University of Granada (UGR) have developed a new material using doped carbon that allows low-cost energy to be produced and also reduces the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere. The recently-patented material is a gel that enables the CO2 to be turned back into hydrocarbons via electro-catalytic transformation, with great savings both in time and money
At present, power stations run using renewable energies (wind, solar or wave) produce energy peaks that are wasted, since they do not coincide with the energy needs. Storing this energy in batteries for its later use would be a very costly process that requires huge amounts of very expensive pure metals, such as nickel or copper, which is why this process is currently hardly ever used.
The doped carbon gel developed by the UGR acts as a highly-dispersed (it is made up of 90% carbon and a small quantity of heavy metals) and effective electro-catalyst, which means it enables CO2 to be turned into hydrocarbons at a low cost. This new material, developed entirely at the UGR, following more than 10 years of research into carbon gels, has recently been patented by the Institution’s Office for the Transfer of Research Results (OTRI).
As the project’s principal researcher, Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, explains, the doped carbon gel «is not a magical solution to prevent CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and stop the contamination caused by the greenhouse effect, but it does enable them to be reduced considerably, as well as reducing energy costs». At the moment, this system is in its laboratory phase and has still not been applied in actual power stations, though the tests carried out at the UGR have led to some «highly promising» results.
The research team currently working in this line of investigation is formed by the UGR lecturers Agustin F. Perez Cadenas, Carlos Moreno Castilla, Francisco Carrasco Marin, Francisco J. Maldonado Hodar and Sergio Morales Torres, along with Maria Perez Cadenas from the UNED. Initially, there was also another collaborator, Freek Kapteijn, from the TUDelft (Netherlands).
El Faro de Ceuta
Pág. 11: Inauguración de una exposición en Humanidades
Descarga por URL: http://sl.ugr.es/03AP
El Faro de Ceuta
Pág. 11: Inauguración de una exposición en Humanidades
Descarga por URL: http://sl.ugr.es/03AP