Aplican el conocimiento de las redes neuronales a la conducción

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Científicos de la Universidad de Granada han desarrollado un test neurocognitivo capaz de obtener medidas individuales de distintas funciones atencionales, incluyendo la vigilancia. Esta herramienta permite relacionar el comportamiento de los conductores ante determinadas situaciones de riesgo en el tráfico (por ejemplo, cuando un peatón se cruza inesperadamente o cuando se debe atender a varios peligros potenciales a la vez). 

El simulador empleado en el estudio. Imagen: Universidad de Granada
Científicos de la Universidad de Granada han analizado las relaciones que existen entre el funcionamiento de las redes neuronales que controlan nuestra capacidad para atender al entorno y el comportamiento del conductor ante determinadas situaciones de riesgo en el tráfico.

Para ello, han desarrollado un nuevo test atencional capaz de obtener medidas individuales de distintas funciones atencionales, incluyendo la capacidad de vigilancia.

A continuación, han estudiado en un simulador de la conducción la relación que existe entre las funciones atencionales y el comportamiento de los conductores ante determinadas situaciones de riesgo en el tráfico (por ejemplo, cuando un peatón se cruza inesperadamente o cuando se debe atender a varios peligros potenciales a la vez).

Este trabajo es el fruto de una tesis doctoral presentada recientemente por el investigador Javier Roca Ruiz, del Departamento de Psicología Experimental de la Universidad de Granada, junto con los profesores Cándida Castro Ramírez, Sergio Moreno Ríos, Juan Lupiáñez Castillo y María Fernanda López Ramón.

Como explican los autores, conducir un vehículo es una tarea compleja, en la que todos los recursos cognitivos (percepción, atención, memoria, etc.) deben aplicarse de una forma coordinada y sincronizada para llegar al destino con seguridad. En este contexto, atender al estímulo más adecuado en el momento más oportuno constituye uno de los factores clave para evitar un posible accidente. De ahí la importancia de incrementar nuestros conocimientos básicos sobre el funcionamiento de la atención humana y, en especial, de aplicarlos para comprender el comportamiento del conductor.

 

En esta serie de estudios participaron más de 200 personas de España y Reino Unido, a quienes se les aplicaron diferentes pruebas, como experimentos de laboratorio, cuestionarios de auto-informe o la valoración de su rendimiento en un simulador de conducción, entre otras.
En un primer estudio, 53 participantes completaron en un laboratorio de la Universidad de Granada el test atencional «ANTI-V», una nueva versión del Attentional Networks Test (ANT) dirigida a medir la capacidad de vigilancia junto a las funciones atencionales habituales de alerta fásica, orientación atencional y control ejecutivo.

En segundo lugar, 25 personas participaron en un estudio de privación de sueño desarrollado en la Universidad de Murcia, donde permanecieron más de 24 horas sin dormir y se analizó el impacto de la falta de sueño sobre el funcionamiento atencional medido por el test atencional ANTI-V, particularmente sobre la medida de vigilancia.

En el tercer estudio, 99 personas (48 conductores) completaron en un laboratorio de la Universidad de Granada el test atencional ANTI-V y dos cuestionarios sobre distracciones o lapsus atencionales en la conducción y sobre fallos cognitivos en la vida diaria.

Finalmente, 39 conductores participaron en un estudio en la Accident Research Unit (ARU) de la Universidad de Nottingham con un simulador de conducción en el que se presentaban varias situaciones de riesgo al volante (por ejemplo, un peatón que se cruza en el camino inesperadamente o un camión detenido en el carril de circulación tras una curva con visibilidad reducida). En este estudio se analizó la relación entre las funciones atencionales medidas por el test ANTI-V y el comportamiento de los conductores frente a las situaciones de riesgo en el tráfico.

Lapsus atencionales

Los autores de este trabajo han encontrado relaciones significativas entre algunas funciones atencionales específicas y distintas medidas del comportamiento del conductor. Por ejemplo, han observado que «la capacidad para mantener nuestra vigilancia en el tiempo puede ser un factor relevante para explicar la ocurrencia de lapsus atencionales durante la conducción de vehículos (por ejemplo, girar en una intersección y no darse cuenta de que hay peatones cruzando)», explica Javier Roca.

También se ha observado que el funcionamiento de la red de orientación atencional podría estar especialmente relacionado con el rendimiento de los conductores a la hora de resolver con éxito determinadas situaciones concretas de riesgo en el tráfico (por ejemplo, cuando un elemento del entorno permite anticipar un peligro potencial), mientras que en otras situaciones más complejas una mayor puntuación en orientación atencional se relaciona con una conducción menos segura (probablemente porque la atención se focaliza sobre el estímulo equivocado, generando una distracción). La atención humana ya se consideraba un factor muy relevante para explicar el comportamiento del conductor, «pero ahora contamos con una herramienta para vincular funciones atencionales específicas con situaciones de tráfico concretas».

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Don’t look back in anger at your life – it could only make you feel ill in the future

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Dwelling on the past may not only stop you from enjoying each day to the full – it could also be bad for your health.
Research suggests that people who look back at their past experiences full of regrets about missed opportunities or with bitterness about how they have been treated are more likely to fall ill and generally have a poorer quality of life.
Those who look back in anger are also more sensitive to pain, it found.

It also suggested that focusing too much on the future does not harm health – but can stop people enjoying what they have.
The happiest and healthiest people, according to the researchers, are those who manage to enjoy the here and now, while making time to learn from the past and plan for the future.

In the study, 50 men and women were asked about their feelings about the past and future, as well as their physical and mental health and quality of life. The questions included how often they think about things they should have done differently, whether they worry about not getting things done on time and whether they live life a day at a time.
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An analysis of the answers revealed that those who dwelt on the bad things that had happened to them tended to be in worse health.
University of Granada researcher and co-author of the study Cristian Oyanadel said: ‘According to what we have observed, the most influencing dimension is the perception of the past.
‘We have observed that when people are negative about past events in their life, they also have a pessimist or fatalistic attitude towards current events.

Worry: Researchers found that people who dwell on the past tend to be depressive and anxious. Pictured is a woman hyperventilating into a brown paper bag
‘This generates greater problems in their relationships and these people present worse quality of life indicators.’ Explaining this, he said that such people find it hard to make a physical effort in their day-to-day activities, are more limited physically at work, more sensitive to pain and more likely to become ill.
‘Furthermore, they generally tend to be depressive and anxious,’ he added.
Looking to the future is not necessarily bad for our health, the experts added – but quality of life suffers because such people tend not to enjoy what they have.
Mr Oyanadel went on: ‘People who are more future-focused – those who put their personal goals before everything – forget to live pleasant experiences and are not very connected to their positive past experiences.
‘They are not physically or mentally unhealthy but have a lower quality of life than the well-balanced group.’
The people who are best off, conclude the researchers in the journal Universitas Psychologica, are the sensible sorts who have a nostalgic view of the past and manage to learn from it, rather than let it drag them down. This means they plan for the future but do not neglect the present. Many previous studies have linked a person’s outlook on life to their health. One of the most recent found hypochondriacs really may be destined for an early grave.
Those who complain about their health are up to three times more likely to die in the next 30 years than those who regard themselves as more robust, it suggested.
The findings, in the PLoS ONE journal, allowed for any subjects having heart disease or other serious illnesses at the start of the study, or being on medication.
A person’s outlook can influence their lifespan. On that basis, the study suggested that doctors should not limit their definition of good health simply to a patient being free of the physical symptoms of disease.
It is thought optimists fare better because they refuse to let bad health get them down.
They may also be more likely to follow their doctor’s advice, believe in the benefits of a good diet and exercise and be better at handling stress and its effects.

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Never think about your past with anger

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People remembering their past with negative memories are more likely to fall ill, suggests a study.

According to the University of Granada’s study, people’s attitude to the past, present and future influenced the perception they had of their health as well as their quality of life, the Daily Mail reported.

Those who looked back in anger found it harder to make an effort in their daily tasks and were also more likely to perceive pain.

Co-author Cristian Oyanadel, said: «We have observed that when people are negative about past events in their life, they also have a pessimist or fatalistic attitude towards current events.

«This generates greater problems in their relationships and these people present worse quality of life indicators.»

The researchers assessed 50 people — 25 women and 25 men aged between 20 and 70 — from a randomised sample, using questionnaires and time orientation tests.

The findings were published in the journal Universitas Psychologica.

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Never think about your past with anger

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People remembering their past with negative memories are more likely to fall ill, suggests a study.

According to the University of Granada’s study, people’s attitude to the past, present and future influenced the perception they had of their health as well as their quality of life, the Daily Mail reported.

Those who looked back in anger found it harder to make an effort in their daily tasks and were also more likely to perceive pain.

Co-author Cristian Oyanadel, said: «We have observed that when people are negative about past events in their life, they also have a pessimist or fatalistic attitude towards current events.

«This generates greater problems in their relationships and these people present worse quality of life indicators.»

The researchers assessed 50 people — 25 women and 25 men aged between 20 and 70 — from a randomised sample, using questionnaires and time orientation tests.

The findings were published in the journal Universitas Psychologica.

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Eating lunch at home reduces obesity risk for children

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Researchers from the University of Granada have discovered that children who eat meals which are prepared and eaten at home, have a reduced risk of childhood obesity. Children who eat meals prepared outside the home are more likely to become overweight or obese. The study has made a connection between the health of a child and who has responsibility for preparing their lunch.
According to an entry in the Nutricion hospitalaria journal, mothers know what the nutritional requirements are of a child, and are able to use that knowledge of nutrition to prepare a healthy diet for their children. Jamie Oliver the celebrity chef, has been campaigning for healthy school meals since 2005. In 2006 national standards were introduced, which all school meals in the UK have had to meet. Each school meal has to provide two portions of fruit and vegetables, with oily fish and good quality meat being featured on the menu on a regular basis. Schools can only serve foods which are deep fried twice a week. However, a number of academy schools are not meeting the national standards as they are not under any obligation to do so. Jamie Oliver expressed his concern of the quality of school dinners in these schools towards the end of 2011.
The researchers studied 718 children from 13 schools, aged nine to 17 years old. The researchers looked at the family, how often the child exercised and the frequency of eating specified foods. The children’s size, weight and Body Mass Index were also measured. The study revealed that children who are more likely to spend time on computer games, watching TV or surfing the net are more likely to suffer childhood obesity or be overweight. The study concluded that a child’s family was instrumental in passing on healthy eating and exercise habits.
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Organ transplant alternative

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THIS is with reference to Dr Murlidhar’s letter ‘Organ donation and Transplantation» (March 20) which correctly identifies that non – availability of organs results in high mortality rate.

However, along with spreading awareness about organ donation after death, alternate avenues should be explored too.

A collaborative study conducted by a group of Spanish scientists from the University of Granada and Leon has concluded that cells derived from the blood found in the human umbilical cord (the connecting cord which needs to be severed at the time of birth) can be used to treat liver disease, such as hepatitis besides other diseases and blood – related issues.

The blood in the umbilical cord is rich in stem cells (cells having the capability to transform into various human cell types and tissues according to the patient’s need), and provides an opportunity, once in life, to be painlessly collected and stored during labour for use as an ‘insurance policy’ for a child, and in many cases for close family members, when struck by a debilitating disease.

Stem cell therapy, using bone marrow or umbilical cord cells, is considered to be an effective alternative for liver transplantation in treating irreversible liver dysfunction and also for managing other chronic hepatic diseases.

Something that was once considered a medical waste, i.e. the mother’s placenta and umbilical cord, is now a precious resource that many people choose to store for their family’s health in the future.

This is now a preferred preventive – cum – curative system of medical therapy in European and American countries.

I think it is important that more people should be aware of the value of banking these cells and at least understand all the possibilities for treatment in the future, so that they can make an informed decision on the benefits of storing umbilical cord blood and cord tissue.

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Looking back in anger can make you sick: study

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Dwelling on the past may not only stop you from enjoying each day to the full – it could also be bad for your health.

Research suggests that people who look back at their past experiences full of regrets about missed opportunities or with bitterness about how they have been treated are more likely to fall ill and generally have a poorer quality of life.

Those who look back in anger are also more sensitive to pain, it found.

It also suggested that focusing too much on the future does not harm health – but can stop people enjoying what they have.

The happiest and healthiest people, according to the researchers, are those who manage to enjoy the here and now, while making time to learn from the past and plan for the future.

In the study, 50 men and women were asked about their feelings about the past and future, as well as their physical and mental health and quality of life. The questions included how often they think about things they should have done differently, whether they worry about not getting things done on time and whether they live life a day at a time.

An analysis of the answers revealed that those who dwelt on the bad things that had happened to them tended to be in worse health.

University of Granada researcher and co-author of the study Cristian Oyanadel said: «According to what we have observed, the most influencing dimension is the perception of the past.

«We have observed that when people are negative about past events in their life, they also have a pessimist or fatalistic attitude towards current events.

«This generates greater problems in their relationships and these people present worse quality of life indicators.»

Explaining this, he said that such people find it hard to make a physical effort in their day-to-day activities, are more limited physically at work, more sensitive to pain and more likely to become ill.

«Furthermore, they generally tend to be depressive and anxious,» he said.

Looking to the future is not necessarily bad for our health, the experts added – but quality of life suffers because such people tend not to enjoy what they have.

«People who are more future-focused – those who put their personal goals before everything – forget to live pleasant experiences and are not very connected to their positive past experiences.

«They are not physically or mentally unhealthy but have a lower quality of life than the well-balanced group.»

The people who are best off are the sensible sorts who have a nostalgic view of the past and manage to learn from it, rather than let it drag them down. This means they plan for the future but do not neglect the present. Many previous studies have linked a person’s outlook on life to their health. One of the most recent found hypochondriacs really may be destined for an early grave.

Those who complain about their health are up to three times more likely to die in the next 30 years than those who regard themselves as more robust, it suggested.

The findings, in the PLoS ONE journal, allowed for any subjects having heart disease or other serious illnesses at the start of the study, or being on medication.

A person’s outlook can influence their lifespan. On that basis, the study suggested that doctors should not limit their definition of good health simply to a patient being free of the physical symptoms of disease.

It is thought optimists fare better because they refuse to let bad health get them down.
They may also be more likely to follow their doctor’s advice, believe in the benefits of a good diet and exercise and be better at handling stress and its effects.

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How looking back in anger is bad for your health

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Researchers discovered that remembering the past with regret or bitterness worsens health.
The study by the University of Granada (UGR) found that people’s attitude to past events, present experiences or future expectations, influences their perception of health and their quality of life.
Cristián Oyanadel, who co-authored the study, said: «We have observed that when people are negative about past events in their life, they also have a pessimist or fatalistic attitude towards current events.
«This generates greater problems in their relationships and these people present worse quality of life indicators.»
The researchers assessed 50 people – 25 women and 25 men aged from 20 to 70 – from a randomised sample, using questionnaires and time orientation tests.
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The test included five dimensions that describe attitudes towards the past, the present and the future.
Once grouped by profiles in accordance with their time perspective, the people had to complete a quality of life survey to measure their physical and mental health.
Mr Oyandel said: «According to what we have observed in our study, the most influencing dimension is the perception of the past. A negative view of the past is highly related to worse health indicators.»
He said people who tend to be negative find it hard to make a physical effort in their day-to-day activities and have physical limitations for work performance; they perceive greater bodily pain and are more likely to become ill.
He added: «Furthermore, they generally tend to be depressive, anxious and present behavioural changes.»
Three time profiles were found from the study participants, corresponding to three styles: mainly negative and mainly future-oriented – the two extremes – and a well-balanced group.
Mr Oyandel said: «The balanced profile is the ideal one, given that it provides a healthy attitude in the three time zones.
«They are people that learn positively from past experiences. They are more focused on achieving future goals and demand a lot of themselves, but they do not neglect that they need to have emotions and live pleasant experiences.»
He these people score higher because they are physically stronger, have better general mental health, are less likely to become ill and do not notice discomfort and body pain as much.
Mr Oyandel added: «On the other hand, people that are more future-focused – those that put their personal goals before everything – forget to live pleasant experiences and are not very connected to their positive past experiences.
«They are not physically or mentally unhealthy but have a lower quality of life than the well-balanced group.»
The findings were published in the journal Universitas Psychologica.
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Una nueva técnica permite conservar una réplica exacta digital y en 3D de las tallas de Semana Santa

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  • Este avance permite obtener una reproducción exacta de la imagen de enorme utilidad en caso de que ésta fuera robada o sufriera daños en un incendio, por ejemplo
  • El escaneo, realizado con láser o con patrones de luz blanca, reproduce los detalles más insignificantes de la talla, como los arañazos, las venas, los rasguños o la policromía exacta

Investigadores de la Universidad de Granada han desarrollado una novedosa técnica que permite realizar una copia digital en 3D de las tallas de Semana Santa, lo que serviría para confeccionar una réplica exacta de la imagen en caso de que ésta fuera robada o sufriera daños en un incendio, por ejemplo. Este escaneo, realizado con láser o con patrones de luz blanca estructurada (según las características de la pieza), reproduce los detalles más insignificantes de la talla, como los arañazos, las venas, los rasguños o la policromía exacta, por lo que permitiría incorporarlos también a la copia.

Los doctores Javier Melero y Jorge Revelles, profesores del departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos de la Universidad de Granada y socios de la spin-off de la UGR AgeO, afirman que la aplicación de la digitalización 3D a color de obras de arte “es absolutamente pionera”, y permite recrear la talla “con una fidelidad y precisión absoluta, hasta ahora desconocida”.

El modelo 3D que se obtiene tras esta digitalización puede rotarse 360 grados gracias al sistema informático empleado, y permite obtener “precisiones de hasta 3 micras, lo que hace que cualquier detalle del objeto digitalizado pueda ser registrado y visualizado”. Aunque el tiempo de captura y procesado varía en función del tamaño y la complejidad de la talla, los investigadores de la Universidad de Granada necesitan más de 100 horas de minucioso trabajo de laboratorio para conseguir una copia en 3D fiel al original.

Réplicas más pequeñas

Recientemente, los investigadores han aplicado el servicio Backup3D (así es como se llama la reproducción en 3D que realizan) a la talla de Nuestro Padre Jesús de la Columna de Linares (Jaén), obra póstuma del imaginero Luis Ortega Bru, por encargo de la Hermandad que lo custodia.

Este modelo digital consta de más de 12 millones de polígonos, con una resolución de 0.3mm y color real tomado a partir de la textura original del modelo. El resultado final se puede observar en un vídeo disponible en esta dirección: http;www.vimeo.com/backup3d Gracias a esta reproducción digital, las Hermandades también pueden “realizar réplicas físicas de sus tallas a escala más pequeña, pero con muchos más detalles que las que se confeccionan en la actualidad por artesanos”, apuntan los investigadores. En las imágenes adjuntas, vista de la talla original de Nuestro Padre Jesús de la Columna de Linares (Jaén) y un renderizado realista del modelo digital. //

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Contacto:
Fco. Javier Melero Rus.
Dpto. de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos
Universidad de Granada
Teléfono: 958 243 176
Web: http://lsi.ugr.es/~fjmelero

UGR Divulga – Gabinete de Comunicación
UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA
Acera de San Ildefonso, s/n. 18071. Granada (España)
Tel. 958244278
Correo e. prensa5@ugr.es
Sitio web: http://www.canalugr.es
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/UGRdivulga
Twitter: http://twitter.com/UGRdivulga

Abierto el plazo de inscripción para las visitas guiadas al Hospital Real y La Madraza

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  • El programa de visitas se desarrollará durante los meses de abril y mayo en el Hospital Real (Rectorado) y en el Palacio de La Madraza, los sábados 14 y 21 de abril, y 5 y 12 de mayo

Se encuentra abierto el plazo de inscripción para el VII Programa de Visitas al Patrimonio Cultural de la Universidad: “Un patrimonio para todos”, que organiza el Secretariado de Patrimonio Mueble del Vicerrectorado de Extensión Universitaria y Deporte de la Universidad de Granada, y que se desarrollará en el Hospital Real y Palacio de La Madraza, durante los meses de abril y mayo en las siguientes fechas:

  • Hospital Real (Rectorado), sábados 14 y 21 de abril, y 5 y 12 de mayo.
  • Palacio de La Madraza, sábados 14 y 21 de abril, y 5 y 12 de mayo.

Con este nuevo programa de visitas al Patrimonio Cultural de la UGR se da continuidad a una iniciativa respaldada por el notable éxito de público de anteriores ediciones y que tiene el objetivo de acercar el Patrimonio Cultural de la Universidad de Granada a toda la ciudadanía.

Inscripción y visitas

La inscripción, gratuita, puede realizarse llamando a los teléfonos 958 242 014 / 675 755 267 (de miércoles a viernes, en horario de 11:00 a 14:00 horas) o escribiendo a la dirección de correo electrónico: patrimoniomueble@ugr.es 

Durante cada jornada se realizarán dos visitas con el siguiente horario: Primer grupo a las 11:00 horas; Segundo grupo a las 12:30 horas.

Las plazas de cada visita están limitadas a 25 personas. Las inscripciones serán atendidas en estricto orden de recepción y respetando, en la medida de lo posible, las preferencias de fecha y hora de los visitantes.

Contacto: Profesor Leonardo Sánchez-Mesa Martínez. Director del Secretariado de Patrimonio Mueble. Vicerrectorado de Extensión Universitaria y Deporte. Universidad de Granada.  Correo electrónico lsmesa@ugr.es

Grossesse : mangez du saumon !

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Des scientifiques de l’Université de Grenade viennent de publier les résultats d’un projet de recherche financé par le VI Programme Cadre de l’Union Européenne dénommé « The Salmon in Pregnancy Study » (SiPS). Les conclusions de l’étude prouvent que la consommation de deux pièces par semaine de saumon d’origine piscicole durant la grossesse, a des effets positifs sur la santé de la future maman et du bébé : le saumon augmente le niveau d’acides gras oméga 3 et améliore les défenses anti oxydantes grâce au sélénium et au rétinol qu’il contient.
Afin de mener à bien cette recherche, deux groupes de femmes enceintes ont été constitué : le premier, «le groupe Contrôle», composé de femmes consommant peu de poisson et qui ont poursuivi leur régime alimentaire habituel et le second, «le groupe Saumon», dont les femmes ont incorporé deux portions de saumon « à la mesure » dans leur diète habituelle, à partir de leur 20ème semaine de grossesse jusqu’à l’accouchement.
Le saumon consommé pour cette étude provenait exclusivement d’un établissement piscicole où les saumons sont nourris avec des huiles et des éléments d’origine végétale comme des algues ou des zooplanctons, riches en acides gras oméga 3, en vitamines A et E et en antioxydants.
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Allergie: tra gli imputati ci sono i pesticidi

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Secondo un recente studio epidemiologico, i pesticidi possono aumentare il rischio di sviluppare l’asma, esacerbare asma preesistente e scatenare attacchi asmatici acuti. Perchè dobbiamo sopportare ancora questi veleni?

Per qualche strano effetto della pubblicità occulta, abbiamo ormai fatto l’abitudine all’idea che innumerevoli veleni vengano sparsi sui campi dove si coltiva il nostro cibo. Gli avvelenatori contano sul fatto che le sostanze chimiche vengono disperse e diluite oppure si decompongono prima che i vegetali arrivino a maturazione.

 

Un recente studio dell’università di Granada ha effettuato una rassegna degli effetti dei pesticidi sull’asma. Le conclusioni son piuttosto nette: l’esposizione a bassi livelli di pesticida «può danneggiare la mucosa bronchiale, rendendo le vie aeree sensibili agli allergeni… i pesticidi possono aumentare il rischio di sviluppare l’asma, esacerbare una precedente ocndizione asmatica, oppure scatenare un attacco asmatico aumentando l’iper risposta bronchiale.»

Il problema riguarda soprattutto gli agricoltori e chi vive nelle zone rurali (che quindi non sono necessariamente meno inquinate delle città); tuttavia molti pesticidi vengono anche usati per i giardini urbani privati e per la cura del verde pubblico, scuole comprese, oltre ai campi sportivi.

I pesticidi sono un residuato bellico (lo sapevate che sono stati i nazisti a sviluppare gli organofosfati come arma chimica?), non danno alcun vantaggio al cittadino, sono inutili (come dimostra l’agricoltura biologica) e servono solo atutelare gli interessi dei grandi gruppi chimici e dei grandi proprietari di monocolture.

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