Cerveza, eficaz para rehidratar a deportistas

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Cerveza, eficaz para rehidratar a deportistas

Alicante, España Martes 07 de julio de 2009.- Un estudio científico revela que la cerveza puede ser una “eficaz” bebida rehidratante tras la práctica deportiva, gracias a su “alta presencia de elementos antioxidantes” que ayudan a reducir los efectos producidos por el ejercicio físico, como la fatiga.

Así lo aseguró el profesor de Fisiología del Ejercicio de la Universidad de Barcelona (UB) Joan Ramón Barbany durante la presentación del estudio “Idoneidad de la cerveza en la dieta equilibrada de los deportistas”, en el marco de los Juegos Mundiales de Medicina y Salud, que se celebran en Alicante.

“La cerveza tiene alta presencia de elementos antioxidantes, derivados de su origen vegetal, que combaten la aparición de radicales libres”, según Barbany, quien cree que esto contribuye a reducir los efectos producidos por el ejercicio físico, como son “los dolores musculares, la fatiga y el fenómeno conocido como sobre entrenamiento”.

Además, esta bebida contiene componentes vitamínicos, minerales y carbohidratos, por lo que “su ingesta en dosis moderadas” por personas adultas puede desempeñar un papel en “la recuperación del metabolismo hormonal e inmunológico de los deportistas tras el ejercicio físico”, según la investigación.

Por su parte, el profesor de Fisiología Médica de la Universidad de Granada, Manuel Castillo-Garzón indicó que, “comparada con el agua”, la ingesta de cerveza como rehidratante es aconsejable.

El estudio, realizado por científicos de la Universidad de Granada y del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) , contó con la participación de dieciséis personas sometidas en dos ocasiones, separadas por un intervalo de tres semanas, a un ejercicio “extenuado” de sesenta minutos en condiciones de “elevada temperatura ambiental”.

“Los participantes perdieron de dos a tres kilogramos de peso corporal” , sobre todo de agua, detalló Castillo-Garzón, quien ha reseñado que, en una ocasión, se les dio sólo agua para rehidratarse y en la otra, “dos tercios de cerveza, junto con toda el agua que quisieran”.

Por su parte, el médico especialista en Fisiología del Deporte y ex jugador profesional de baloncesto Juan Antonio Corbalán afirmó que, “a pesar del alcohol” y con “un uso inteligente”, la cerveza es una “magnífica bebida compatible con el rendimiento deportivo de cualquier disciplina”.

Los especialistas desmienten un de los grandes mitos del consumo de cerveza, pues no ocasiona un aumento de peso.

Lo que sí influye es: “El estrés crónico” y una mala alimentación, basada en una alta densidad calórica, causantes de la “barriga cervecera”.
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Researchers patent a process of ornamental stone consolidation to make it more resistant

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Researchers patent a process of ornamental stone consolidation to make it more resistant

The University if Granada has patented a product and an implementation method to obtain the activation of the microorganisms that produce the carbonates found in construction and ornamental materials. Thanks to this, the formation of a calcium carbonate cement is induced, which can be used to protect and consolidate in situ surfaces made of construction and ornamentation lime materials in general, as well as natural stone too.

The people responsible of this patent are the members of a research group of the Microbiology Department and the Mineralogy and Petrology Department of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Granada.

French company Bordeaux Architectural Antique, located in Bordeaux, works in the antique architecture and sculpture restoration sector and is interested in this patent. As a result of this, an ‘agreement of material and know-how transfer’ has been signed between this company and the University of Granada. These researchers have provided them with the product, as well as assessment to carry out trials to check the efficiency of the product and the method in their own samples.

In fact, company Bordeaux Architectural Antique has already asked for an authorization to apply this product in historical buildings. So far they have obtained the suitable permission from Le directeur régional des affaires culturelles (regional manager of cultural matters) to carry out trials in the Cathedral of San Andres in Burdeos, although so far the date of the work commencement is unknown.

In addition to obtaining the patent for the consolidation of ornamental stone, this Granada-based research group has started a study that aims to lower the implementation price of this patented mean of cultivation. They intend to analyse other useful products which produce the same results but at a lower cost. Moreover, they want to study how much the time of treatment can be reduced but getting these same results, as this would reduce the costs related to the implementation of the cultivation mean. They have been recently awarded with a Project of Excellence by the Innovation, Science and Enterprise Ministry of the Andalusian government Junta de Andalucía in order to continue with their current research.
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Weight determines the future cognitive development of children born very premature

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Weight determines the future cognitive development of children born very premature

Researchers of the Department of Neuroscience and Health Sciences of the University of Almería and Hospital Torrecárdenas are carrying out an assessment of the physical neuropsychological characteristics of children born before 32 weeks’ gestation or whose weight is lower than 1500 grams –very premature-. The main aim of this project, coordinated by Mª Dolores Roldán Tapia, from the UAL, is to accurately define the origin of brain damage, so as to stimulate the affected area early thus causing the adequate cognitive and motric development of the individual.

The commonest differences between premature babies and those born after a nine-month pregnancy are mainly related to visoperceptive skills, memory and movement which eventually translate into learning and spatial orientation difficulties. That is why these difficulties that these children have in their cognitive performance and the development of perceptual and executive functions are being studied.

A population sample of 35 very premature children is being taken for this project, together with the same number of healthy children, all of them born between 2000 and 2001, with their parents’ authorisation. Special attention has been paid to the fact that both the children and their parents have similar educational and social levels, as the stimulation they get in the early stages of their lives has a decisive influence in their later development.

The results obtained so far reveal that the decisive variable for the existence of a reversible or irreversible brain damage is the baby’s weight at birth, rather than the time of gestation. According to experts, an early stimulation of the individual’s central nerve system, from birth until his complete cognitive development at 16 years of age, in foetuses whose weight at birth is over 1,500 gr. or who are very premature, will eventually get ideal cognitive levels. However, this stimulation must be continued throughout the whole development of babies whose weight is lower than 1,500 gr. so that they can get a proper brain maturity.

As a complement to this project, Alemeria-based researchers are developing an epidemiological study so as to set the percentage of very premature children who have brain damage against the total number of children born under the same characteristics between 2000 and 2001. This study is funded by Fundación para la Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental-Alejandro Otero (FIBAO, Alejandro Otero foundation for bio-health research in eastern Andalusia). Moreover, in collaboration with the University of Granada, experts are developing another line of research whose aim is to determine the existing relationship between visoperceptive skill deficit and the level of reasoning in very premature children.

In the near future, the team of researchers of the University of Almeria will be expanding their research and including new variables that may make a determining brain difference in very premature babies, like for example, the brain difference between babies born in natural multiple births and those with artificial techniques, or the interaction between pre-maturity and bad nutrition.
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Coralline algae in the Mediterranean lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 million years ago

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Coralline algae in the Mediterranean lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 million years ago

An international team of researchers has studied the coralline algae fossils that lived on the last coral reefs of the Mediterranean Sea between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago. Mediterranean algae and coral reefs began to resemble present day reefs following the isolation of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean and global cooling 15 and 20 million years ago respectively.

The research team from the University of Granada (UGR) and the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italia) show coralline algae distribution patterns in the west and centre of the Mediterranean Sea (in Salento, Italy and Almería, Spain) by way of a fossil register of 21 species collected in the two areas.

«Coralline algae are calcareous algae that are very common nowadays, although unknown to the general public, including naturalists, and quite often in fossil form, particularly in relatively modern rocks», Juan C. Braga, the chief author and a researcher at the Stratigraphy and Paleontology Department of the UGR explained to SINC.

The study, which was published recently in Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, describes and interprets the disappearance of the last Messinian coral reefs (between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago) in the Mediterranean Sea. «In subsequent, more recent eras, this sea has not had the right oceanographic conditions (above all a high enough temperature) to house coral reefs,» Braga added.

When Tropical Coral Reefs Became Atlantic

During the period studied by the scientists through the coralline algae fossils found in the Mediterranean, the last few reefs boasted very little coralline diversity. «This is the result of the long history of global cooling over the last 20 million years and the isolation (separation) of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, some 15 million years ago,» the research says.

According to the results of the research, the relative abundance of coralline algae in reefs and slope deposits is 1-5% and 18% lower respectively in the Sorbas basin (Almería) than in Salento (Italy). Furthermore, the main components of the coralline algae assemblages found in shallow water are extant species that are very common in the Mediterranean.

Other species, such as Spongites fruticulosus and Phymatolithon calcareum, have lived in the western Mediterranean for more than 25 million years. However, the typical components of present-day coral reefs, such as Hydrolithon species with thick thalli, which were no longer present in the western region of the Mediterranean 7 million years ago.

«Just like reef corallines, algae flora reflects the cooling of the Mediterranean and its isolation from the Indian Ocean, and only a few tropical biotas existed in the Messinian era. Moreover, most of them already had Atlantic affinities and resembled the algae that still inhabits our coasts today», Braga states.

The Mediterranean-Atlantic characteristics of Messinian reef corallines therefore reflect the decrease in tropical biotas that occurred during the Miocene (around 20 million years ago). According to the research team, the widespread decline of this type of algae was due to global cooling and the isolation of the Mediterranean during the middle Miocene.
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Coralline algae in the Mediterranean lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 million years ago

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Coralline algae in the Mediterranean lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 million years ago

«Coralline algae are calcareous algae that are very common nowadays, although unknown to the general public, including naturalists, and quite often in fossil form, particularly in relatively modern rocks», Juan C. Braga, the chief author and a researcher at the Stratigraphy and Paleontology Department of the UGR explained to SINC.

The study, which was published recently in Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, describes and interprets the disappearance of the last Messinian coral reefs (between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago) in the Mediterranean Sea. «In subsequent, more recent eras, this sea has not had the right oceanographic conditions (above all a high enough temperature) to house coral reefs,» Braga added.

When Tropical Coral Reefs Became Atlantic

During the period studied by the scientists through the coralline algae fossils found in the Mediterranean, the last few reefs boasted very little coralline diversity. «This is the result of the long history of global cooling over the last 20 million years and the isolation (separation) of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, some 15 million years ago,» the research says.

According to the results of the research, the relative abundance of coralline algae in reefs and slope deposits is 1-5% and 18% lower respectively in the Sorbas basin (Almería) than in Salento (Italy). Furthermore, the main components of the coralline algae assemblages found in shallow water are extant species that are very common in the Mediterranean.

Other species, such as Spongites fruticulosus and Phymatolithon calcareum, have lived in the western Mediterranean for more than 25 million years. However, the typical components of present-day coral reefs, such as Hydrolithon species with thick thalli, which were no longer present in the western region of the Mediterranean 7 million years ago.

«Just like reef corallines, algae flora reflects the cooling of the Mediterranean and its isolation from the Indian Ocean, and only a few tropical biotas existed in the Messinian era. Moreover, most of them already had Atlantic affinities and resembled the algae that still inhabits our coasts today», Braga states.

The Mediterranean-Atlantic characteristics of Messinian reef corallines therefore reflect the decrease in tropical biotas that occurred during the Miocene (around 20 million years ago). According to the research team, the widespread decline of this type of algae was due to global cooling and the isolation of the Mediterranean during the middle Miocene.
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Coralline Algae In The Mediterranean Lost Their Tropical Element Between 5 And 7 Million Years Ago

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Coralline Algae In The Mediterranean Lost Their Tropical Element Between 5 And 7 Million Years Ago

An international team of researchers has studied the coralline algae fossils that lived on the last coral reefs of the Mediterranean Sea between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago. Mediterranean algae and coral reefs began to resemble present day reefs following the isolation of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean and global cooling 15 and 20 million years ago respectively.

The research team from the University of Granada (UGR) and the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italia) show coralline algae distribution patterns in the west and centre of the Mediterranean Sea (in Salento, Italy and Almería, Spain) by way of a fossil register of 21 species collected in the two areas.

«Coralline algae are calcareous algae that are very common nowadays, although unknown to the general public, including naturalists, and quite often in fossil form, particularly in relatively modern rocks», Juan C. Braga, the chief author and a researcher at the Stratigraphy and Paleontology Department of the UGR explained to SINC.

The study, which was published recently in Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, describes and interprets the disappearance of the last Messinian coral reefs (between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago) in the Mediterranean Sea. «In subsequent, more recent eras, this sea has not had the right oceanographic conditions (above all a high enough temperature) to house coral reefs,» Braga added.

When Tropical Coral Reefs Became Atlantic

During the period studied by the scientists through the coralline algae fossils found in the Mediterranean, the last few reefs boasted very little coralline diversity. «This is the result of the long history of global cooling over the last 20 million years and the isolation (separation) of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, some 15 million years ago,» the research says.

According to the results of the research, the relative abundance of coralline algae in reefs and slope deposits is 1-5% and 18% lower respectively in the Sorbas basin (Almería) than in Salento (Italy). Furthermore, the main components of the coralline algae assemblages found in shallow water are extant species that are very common in the Mediterranean.

Other species, such as Spongites fruticulosus and Phymatolithon calcareum, have lived in the western Mediterranean for more than 25 million years. However, the typical components of present-day coral reefs, such as Hydrolithon species with thick thalli, which were no longer present in the western region of the Mediterranean 7 million years ago.

«Just like reef corallines, algae flora reflects the cooling of the Mediterranean and its isolation from the Indian Ocean, and only a few tropical biotas existed in the Messinian era. Moreover, most of them already had Atlantic affinities and resembled the algae that still inhabits our coasts today», Braga states.

The Mediterranean-Atlantic characteristics of Messinian reef corallines therefore reflect the decrease in tropical biotas that occurred during the Miocene (around 20 million years ago). According to the research team, the widespread decline of this type of algae was due to global cooling and the isolation of the Mediterranean during the middle Miocene.
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Coralline algae in the Mediterranean lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 million years ago

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Coralline algae in the Mediterranean lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 million years ago

An international team of researchers has studied the coralline algae fossils that lived on the last coral reefs of the Mediterranean Sea between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago. Mediterranean algae and coral reefs began to resemble present day reefs following the isolation of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean and global cooling 15 and 20 million years ago respectively.

«Coralline algae are calcareous algae that are very common nowadays, although unknown to the general public, including naturalists, and quite often in fossil form, particularly in relatively modern rocks», Juan C. Braga, the chief author and a researcher at the Stratigraphy and Paleontology Department of the UGR explained to SINC.

The study, which was published recently in Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, describes and interprets the disappearance of the last Messinian coral reefs (between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago) in the Mediterranean Sea. «In subsequent, more recent eras, this sea has not had the right oceanographic conditions (above all a high enough temperature) to house coral reefs,» Braga added.

When Tropical Coral Reefs Became Atlantic

During the period studied by the scientists through the coralline algae fossils found in the Mediterranean, the last few reefs boasted very little coralline diversity. «This is the result of the long history of global cooling over the last 20 million years and the isolation (separation) of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, some 15 million years ago,» the research says.

According to the results of the research, the relative abundance of coralline algae in reefs and slope deposits is 1-5% and 18% lower respectively in the Sorbas basin (Almería) than in Salento (Italy). Furthermore, the main components of the coralline algae assemblages found in shallow water are extant species that are very common in the Mediterranean.

Other species, such as Spongites fruticulosus and Phymatolithon calcareum, have lived in the western Mediterranean for more than 25 million years. However, the typical components of present-day coral reefs, such as Hydrolithon species with thick thalli, which were no longer present in the western region of the Mediterranean 7 million years ago.

«Just like reef corallines, algae flora reflects the cooling of the Mediterranean and its isolation from the Indian Ocean, and only a few tropical biotas existed in the Messinian era. Moreover, most of them already had Atlantic affinities and resembled the algae that still inhabits our coasts today», Braga states.

The Mediterranean-Atlantic characteristics of Messinian reef corallines therefore reflect the decrease in tropical biotas that occurred during the Miocene (around 20 million years ago). According to the research team, the widespread decline of this type of algae was due to global cooling and the isolation of the Mediterranean during the middle Miocene.
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Coralline Algae In The Mediterranean Lost Their Tropical Element Between 5 and 7 Million Years Ago

Escrito por

Coralline Algae In The Mediterranean Lost Their Tropical Element Between 5 and 7 Million Years Ago

An international team of researchers has studied the coralline algae fossils that lived on the last coral reefs of the Mediterranean Sea between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago. Mediterranean algae and coral reefs began to resemble present day reefs following the isolation of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean and global cooling 15 and 20 million years ago respectively.

The research team from the University of Granada (UGR) and the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italia) show coralline algae distribution patterns in the west and centre of the Mediterranean Sea (in Salento, Italy and Almería, Spain) by way of a fossil register of 21 species collected in the two areas.

«Coralline algae are calcareous algae that are very common nowadays, although unknown to the general public, including naturalists, and quite often in fossil form, particularly in relatively modern rocks», Juan C. Braga, the chief author and a researcher at the Stratigraphy and Paleontology Department of the UGR explained to SINC.

The study, which was published recently in Paleogeography Paleoclimatology Paleoecology, describes and interprets the disappearance of the last Messinian coral reefs (between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago) in the Mediterranean Sea . «In subsequent, more recent eras, this sea has not had the right oceanographic conditions (above all a high enough temperature) to house coral reefs,» Braga added.

When Tropical Coral Reefs Became Atlantic

During the period studied by the scientists through the coralline algae fossils found in the Mediterranean, the last few reefs boasted very little coralline diversity. «This is the result of the long history of global cooling over the last 20 million years and the isolation (separation) of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, some 15 million years ago,» the research says.

According to the results of the research, the relative abundance of coralline algae in reefs and slope deposits is 1-5% and 18% lower respectively in the Sorbas basin (Almería) than in Salento (Italy). Furthermore, the main components of the coralline algae assemblages found in shallow water are extant species that are very common in the Mediterranean.

Other species, such as Spongites fruticulosus and Phymatolithon calcareum, have lived in the western Mediterranean for more than 25 million years. However, the typical components of present-day coral reefs, such as Hydrolithon species with thick thalli, which were no longer present in the western region of the Mediterranean 7 million years ago.

«Just like reef corallines, algae flora reflects the cooling of the Mediterranean and its isolation from the Indian Ocean, and only a few tropical biotas existed in the Messinian era. Moreover, most of them already had Atlantic affinities and resembled the algae that still inhabits our coasts today», Braga states.

The Mediterranean-Atlantic characteristics of Messinian reef corallines therefore reflect the decrease in tropical biotas that occurred during the Miocene (around 20 million years ago). According to the research team, the widespread decline of this type of algae was due to global cooling and the isolation of the Mediterranean during the middle Miocene.
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A funny kind of subject

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A funny kind of subject

Heard the one about the academics who gathered at the University of Granada for a sober “International Symposium on Humour And Laughter”? Now that’s funny. But was anything else about the conference? Whenever someone sets about a solemn analysis of humour, you wilt a little. The American writer E. B. White was convinced not only that humour cannot be explained, but also that you shouldn’t even try. “Humour can be dissected as a frog can,” White said, “but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind.”

Not that there has been any shortage of pure minds that have mulled the nature of humour, from Plato and Schopenhauer to Kant and Freud. Hemingway, astutely and typically, confined his thoughts on the subject to the brisk observation that: “It always seemed to me that in those who make jokes in life the seeds are covered with better soil and with a higher grade of manure.”

Why not just leave it at that? Because who can say for sure what will make someone else laugh? Each joke is like a blind date: some work for you, others don’t. It’s personal taste. You can say: “I can see that Ulysses is a great novel, but I didn’t enjoy it.” But you can’t say: “I know that’s funny, but it just didn’t make me laugh.” Yes, there are broad demarcation lines: Groucho Marx is funny; Karl Marx, not so much. Sometimes what was funny, no longer is: Brian Rix farces, say. And what wasn’t funny, now is; politicians, for instance.

A Swiss professor told the conference that Britons are among the most likely to fear that they are the butt of a joke. Given that Darwin thought laughter was man’s way of sublimating the ancient urge to kill, is this reaction really so funny?
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Mediterranean algae lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 mln yrs ago

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Mediterranean algae lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 mln yrs ago

A new research has suggested that Coralline algae in the Mediterranean Sea lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 million years ago.

The international team of researchers studied the coralline algae fossils that lived on the last coral reefs of the Mediterranean Sea between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago.

The research team from the University of Granada (UGR) and the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italia) show coralline algae distribution patterns in the west and centre of the Mediterranean Sea (in Salento, Italy and Almería, Spain) by way of a fossil register of 21 species collected in the two areas.

The study describes and interprets the disappearance of the last Messinian coral reefs (between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago) in the Mediterranean Sea.

“In subsequent, more recent eras, this sea has not had the right oceanographic conditions (above all a high enough temperature) to house coral reefs,” said Juan C. Braga, the chief author and a researcher at the Stratigraphy and Paleontology Department of the UGR.

During the period studied by the scientists through the coralline algae fossils found in the Mediterranean, the last few reefs boasted very little coralline diversity.

“This is the result of the long history of global cooling over the last 20 million years and the isolation (separation) of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, some 15 million years ago,” according to the research.

According to the results of the research, the relative abundance of coralline algae in reefs and slope deposits is 1-5 percent and 18 percent lower respectively in the Sorbas basin (Almería) than in Salento (Italy).

Furthermore, the main components of the coralline algae assemblages found in shallow water are extant species that are very common in the Mediterranean.

“Just like reef corallines, algae flora reflects the cooling of the Mediterranean and its isolation from the Indian Ocean, and only a few tropical biotas existed in the Messinian era. Moreover, most of them already had Atlantic affinities and resembled the algae that still inhabits our coasts today,” said Braga.

The Mediterranean-Atlantic characteristics of Messinian reef corallines therefore reflect the decrease in tropical biotas that occurred during the Miocene (around 20 million years ago).

According to the research team, the widespread decline of this type of algae was due to global cooling and the isolation of the Mediterranean during the middle Miocene.
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Mediterranean algae lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 mln yrs ago

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Mediterranean algae lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 mln yrs ago

A new research has suggested that Coralline algae in the Mediterranean Sea lost their tropical element between 5 and 7 million years ago.

The international team of researchers studied the coralline algae fossils that lived on the last coral reefs of the Mediterranean Sea between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago.

The research team from the University of Granada (UGR) and the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (Italia) show coralline algae distribution patterns in the west and centre of the Mediterranean Sea (in Salento, Italy and Almería, Spain) by way of a fossil register of 21 species collected in the two areas.

The study describes and interprets the disappearance of the last Messinian coral reefs (between 7.24 and 5.3 million years ago) in the Mediterranean Sea.

«In subsequent, more recent eras, this sea has not had the right oceanographic conditions (above all a high enough temperature) to house coral reefs,» said Juan C. Braga, the chief author and a researcher at the Stratigraphy and Paleontology Department of the UGR.

During the period studied by the scientists through the coralline algae fossils found in the Mediterranean, the last few reefs boasted very little coralline diversity.

«This is the result of the long history of global cooling over the last 20 million years and the isolation (separation) of the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean, some 15 million years ago,» according to the research.

According to the results of the research, the relative abundance of coralline algae in reefs and slope deposits is 1-5 percent and 18 percent lower respectively in the Sorbas basin (Almería) than in Salento (Italy).

Furthermore, the main components of the coralline algae assemblages found in shallow water are extant species that are very common in the Mediterranean.

«Just like reef corallines, algae flora reflects the cooling of the Mediterranean and its isolation from the Indian Ocean, and only a few tropical biotas existed in the Messinian era. Moreover, most of them already had Atlantic affinities and resembled the algae that still inhabits our coasts today,» said Braga.

The Mediterranean-Atlantic characteristics of Messinian reef corallines therefore reflect the decrease in tropical biotas that occurred during the Miocene (around 20 million years ago).

According to the research team, the widespread decline of this type of algae was due to global cooling and the isolation of the Mediterranean during the middle Miocene.
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Gewaltpotential: sexistische Witze

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Gewaltpotential: sexistische Witze

Sexistische Frauenwitze sind nicht harmlos – sie fördern gedankliche Mechanismen, die Gewalt gegen Frauen rechtfertigen. Das berichten Forscher der Universität Granada im Journal of Interpersonal Violence.

Aggressionen gegen Frauen werden eher toleriert

Aufschluss darüber gab ein Experiment, in dem männliche Studenten per Zufall entweder eine Serie von Witzen anhörten, die Frauen erniedrigen, oder belanglose Witze ohne sexistischem Inhalt. Unmittelbar darauf wurden die Probanden mit Szenen konfrontiert, bei denen Gewalt gegen Frauen in unterschiedlichem Schweregrad ausgeübt wurde. Als man sie befragte, wie sie jeweils reagieren würden, zeigten sich je nach Gruppe Unterschiede: Versuchspersonen, die zuvor frauenfeindliche Witze gehört hatten, tolerierten Aggressionen gegen Frauen weitaus eher als die Vergleichsgruppe.

Kurzzeitiger Effekt auf das Bewusstsein

«Indem sexistische Witze auf die Verspottung des anderen Geschlechts hinweisen, machen sie entsprechende Gedächtnisinhalte kurzzeitig besonders verfügbar», erklärt die Sozialpsychologin Andrea Abele-Brehm von der Universität Erlangen. Sexistisch seien Witze insofern, als sie Stereotype über das andere Geschlecht übertreiben und es auch lächerlich machen. Traditionelle Geschlechterrollen, die der Realität häufig hinterher hinken, würden damit im Bewusstsein aufrecht erhalten. «Tatsächlich ist es möglich, dass Menschen unmittelbar nachdem sie einen sexistischen Witz gehört haben das andere Geschlecht kurzfristig anders bewerten», so die Sozialpsychologin.

Männer erzählen mehr Witze als Frauen

Der Effekt, den ein sexistischer Witz im Gehirn auslöst, sei eher kurzfristig, so Abele-Brehm. Langfristige Verhaltensänderungen seien erst dann denkbar, wenn man ständig derartigen Information ausgesetzt sei. Dass es mehr sexistische Witze über Frauen als über Männer gibt, sei einfach erklärbar. «Männer erzählen mehr Witze als Frauen, denn sie merken sich Witze in der Regel besser.»
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