Wearing FFP2-type facemasks for any length of time produces a concentration of CO2 between the face and the mask that is higher than the normal atmospheric concentration, due to the gas we exhale when breathing. CO2 rebreathing can cause adverse health effects, even in healthy people, such as general malaise, headaches, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, sweating, increased heart rate, muscle weakness, and drowsiness
Now, a new mask, designed at the UGR, sends an alert to the wearer via their smartphone when the recommended healthy CO2 limits inside the facemask are exceeded
Scientists and engineers from the University of Granada (UGR) have developed and tested a ‘smart’ FFP2 facemask that notifies the user via their smartphone when the permitted carbon dioxide (CO2) limits inside the mask are exceeded.
This important scientific advance addresses a problem that has been particularly spotlighted since the COVID-19 pandemic began: that of the CO2 that we rebreathe inside our facemasks. Wearing FFP2-type facemasks for any length of time produces a concentration of CO2 between the face and the mask that is higher than the normal atmospheric concentration (~0.04%), due to the gas we exhale when breathing. CO2 rebreathing can cause adverse health effects, even in healthy people, such as general malaise, headaches, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, sweating, increased heart rate, muscle weakness, and drowsiness
Furthermore, these negative effects are known to be linked to both the duration of exposure and the concentration of the gas itself. For example, some health regulations recommend a maximum value of 0.5% CO2 in the working environment (averaged over an 8-hour day), or that a 30-minute exposure to 4% CO2 be considered very harmful to health.
“Since the global pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization due to the spread of COVID-19, the universal use of facemasks has been recommended or imposed among the general population, in a bid to prevent the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2. Notwithstanding the generalized evidence in favour of facemasks to reduce transmission throughout the population, there is also broad agreement on the possible adverse effects caused by their prolonged use, mainly as a consequence of the increase in respiratory resistance and the re-inhalation of the CO2 that accumulates inside the mask”, explain the authors of this research.
The new FFP2 facemask designed at the UGR makes it possible to ascertain the level of CO2 rebreathed in real time, using a smartphone application. This method—a wearable gas-monitoring system that is characterized by its low cost, scalability, reliability, and convenience—represents a significant advance with important health benefits.
This study, published in the prestigious journal Nature Communications, was conducted by the “ECsens” multidisciplinary research team pertaining to the Departments of Analytical Chemistry and Electronics and Computer Technology of the UGR. Together, they developed this wireless, real-time, portable gas-detection system that monitors CO2 levels inside the FFP2 facemask.
Sensors that measure specific parameters of interest
While standard facemasks simply act as air filters for the nasal and/or mouth passage, the inclusion of sensors to measure specific parameters of interest provides added value that improves their use and effectiveness, creating a new paradigm of ‘smart’ facemasks.
“The system we propose is based on inserting a flexible ‘tag’ into a standard FFP2 mask. This tag comprises an innovative, custom-developed opto-chemical CO2 sensor, together with the necessary signal-processing electronics. Both the sensor and the circuitry are fabricated onto a lightweight, flexible polymeric substrate, forming the so-called ‘sensing tag’, which causes no discomfort to the wearer”, note the authors. The tag does not require batteries as it is powered wirelessly by the near-field communication (NFC) link—similar to that used for making wireless payments, for example—of a smartphone, using an Android app. This custom-developed app is also used for data processing, alert management, and display and sharing of results.
The UGR scientists have conducted preliminary tests of this ‘smart facemask’ on both subjects conducting sedentary activity and those performing physical exercise. “Our results, which are in line with previous clinical trials, present CO2 values of between 2% during low-work-rate (sedentary) activities and a peak value of almost 5% during high-intensity physical exercise. These values are significantly higher than the typical range of 0.04%–0.1% of CO2 found in atmospheric air or in typical work environments that are considered healthy. Although the performance tests we carried out do not constitute a formal clinical trial, they are intended to give an indication of the potential of this system in the field of wearable sensors for non-invasive health monitoring”, the authors explain.
The scientists emphasize that this facemask is 100% environmentally friendly, as it does not require batteries, relying instead on standard wireless smartphone technology.
All of the aforementioned characteristics underline the potential multiple applications of this low-cost device in the fields of non-invasive health monitoring, pre-clinical research, and diagnostics using portable electronic devices. Other sensors can also be included, to detect other gases of interest.
Bibliography
Escobedo, P., Fernández-Ramos, M.D., López-Ruiz, N. et al. (2022) ‘Smart facemask for wireless CO2 monitoring’, Nat. Commun. 13, 72.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27733-3
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27733-3
Nature Portfolio—Behind the Paper: https://engineeringcommunity.nature.com/posts/smart-facemask-for-wireless-carbon-dioxide-monitoring
Image captions:
Overview of the NFC-based smart FFP2 facemask communicating with the smartphone
The flexible sensing tag, inside and outside the FFP2 facemask
The UGR researcher Pablo Escobedo Araque, one of the authors of this work
The researchers insert the sensing tag into a standard FFP2 mask, which requires no batteries as it is powered by wireless technology via smartphone
The team that conducted this research, at the entrance to the Research Centre for Information and Communications Technologies (CITIC-UGR)
Information video about this new device, produced by the UGR’s Communications Management Office:
Media enquiries:
Pablo Escobedo Araque
“Juan de La Cierva” Postdoctoral Research Fellow, CITIC-UGR, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada
Email: pabloescobedo@ugr.es
Luis Fermín Capitán-Vallvey
Professor, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada
Email: lcapitan@ugr.es
Alberto J. Palma
Professor, Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, CITIC-UGR, IMUDS, University of Granada
Email: ajpalma@ugr.es
Tel.: +34 958 242300
ECsens research group website: http://wpd.ugr.es/~ecsens/
Twitter: @ECsens_UGR
